What’s The Relationships Between Anime and Manga Interest and Mental Health? A Clinical Psychology Podcast Episode.

If you’ve been a long-time listener of The Psychology World Podcast then you might be well aware that I flat out love anime and manga. Especially, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Go For It, Nakamura and Stranger on the Shore. Those are some amazing animes from Japan. For a while, and more to support my obsession or autistic special interest in them, I’ve been wondering about the clinical psychology or possible mental health implications, because in my experience autistic individuals and other nerdy people tend to be drawn to these niche interests. Of course, there is barely any research on the topic but I managed to find a fascinating study from Hajek and Konig (2024) that explores the relationship between interest in anime and manga and mental health, social connectedness and more. Therefore, by the end of this clinical psychology podcast episode, you’ll understand more about anime and manga, how interest in these forms of Japanese entertainment relate to mental health and other wellbeing outcomes and I’ll discuss possible implications for aspiring and qualified clinical and educational psychologists too. If you enjoy learning about social psychology, popular culture and mental health, then this will be a great episode for you.

Today’s psychology podcast episode has been sponsored by Your Unshakable Self: A Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology and Mental Health Guide to Sense of Self. Available from all major eBook retailers and you can order the paperback and hardback copies from Amazon, your local bookstore and local library, if you request it. Also available as an AI-narrated audiobook from selected audiobook platforms and library systems. For example, Kobo, Spotify, Barnes and Noble, Google Play, Overdrive, Baker and Taylor and Bibliotheca.

What are Anime and Manga for Psychologists?

As I mentioned in the introduction to the blog post, the main source for this episode comes from Hajek and Konig (2024) and the study made use of over 5,000 people between the ages of 18 and 74 from Germany. As well as because I flat out love animes, like Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Go For It, Nakamura and Stranger on the Shore. Therefore, to ensure that everyone is on the same page about anime and manga we first need to define them. As a result, animes are animated films and series that come from Japan and mangas are Japanese comics, and whilst they come from Japan, they are increasingly becoming popular across the world. For example, Demonslayer, Dragon Ball, Pokémon and Sailor Moon are extremely popular animes and mangas across the world. As well as across the world, mangas and animes are giving rise to pop culture phenomena where people are becoming really interested and almost obsessed with different series.

What are Some Reasons Why Mangas and Animes are Popular?

Whilst I could go into the depths of how different animes and series gave rise to subgenres in different countries, I am not because this is a psychology podcast. Therefore, I want to briefly mention my take on mangas and animes from a more psychological point of view.

Firstly, I think animes are brilliant for neurodivergent people because the issue I have with Western media is that if you want a genuinely good programme with great characters, gripping plot and great emotion, you need to commit to a 45-minute programme. I do not know a single piece of Western media that’s a 20-minute episode and can deliver the great characters, plot and emotion that I want. I cannot commit to a 45-minute episode. I am busy, 45-minutes is a long time to me and I have signs of ADHD so sitting still for 45-minutes to watch an episode isn’t my idea of fun.

However, animes are brilliant because in a 20-minute episode, you get amazing characters, amazing plots and you get such in-depth emotion that I don’t see the point of watching a 45-minute programme. Of course, there are some anime episodes that stretch on for 45-minute or 50-minutes, like the season opening and ending of some of the later seasons of Demonslayer. Yet I don’t mind because I know they’re going to be brilliant. Therefore, one take on anime is that they are great for people with neurodivergence and busy people because they are so impactful and quick.

For example, the boy love anime film “Stranger on the Shore” was only 53-minutes but because it had such a deep, emotional and profound impact on me that it was better than any 2-hour Western film.

Another reason why I believe animes and mangas are very popular is because they deal with a lot of themes incredibly well. For example, Demonslayer deals with trauma, loss, grief and so many more relatable themes for a lot of young people. Such as, the reason why I flat out love Tokito from Demonslayer is because he was so traumatised as a kid, he lost everything and his larger story is so relatable and I can see parts of myself in Tokito and that’s what anime does very well compared to Western media.

Another quick point I want to make is that animes and mangas allow individuals to explore topics, like sexuality, a lot better than Western media. Since if we look at the major LGBT+ programmes in the western world, you have Heated Rivalry and Red, White and Royal Blue, these are okay programmes but they focus on sex. I stopped watching both of those because I felt that these western programmes focused more on sex than actually building strong characters. As well as I flat out loved season 1 of Heartstopper because it was really sweet, it focused on the relationship and it focused on the characters. I wasn’t sure about the later seasons.

Anyway, when you look at boy love animes and mangas, yes there are the sexual ones, but most of them are very much focused on characters, acceptance and figuring out who you are. They’re very relatable and it’s why I love Go For It Nakamura. It's so sweet watching these two boys fall in love. Nakamura is still clueless but he really cares about Hirose, he respects him and all his little quirks are so true to what teenage love is like. Like in episode 5 when Hirose and his friend are pretending to be a couple, I don't blame Nakamura for being jealous. If any of my teenage crushes were holding hands, flirting and showing interest in a guy that wasn't me, I would also be jealous. And it is that quirkiness of real teenage love that I love about this anime.

My point is that these are some of the reasons why animes and mangas are very popular.

Cultural Shifts in Anime and Manga Perception

In addition, there are a lot of events around the world where anime and manga fans can come together, like in certain cinema events, comic conventions and people can cosplay so they dress up as some of their favourite anime characters. Back in September 2025 when the new Demonslayer Infinity Castle came out, I went to see the film in my Tokito t-shirt but there were some people who went in cosplay. It was fun to see.

Interestingly, there has been a cultural shift in perceptions towards people who enjoy anime and manga in recent years, because in the past, someone who had a strong passion, or even an obsession, for Japanese things like anime and manga were seen as weird, nerdy and completely uncool. Yet in more recent years, anime and manga have gone mainstream and you can have more open conversations about it. For instance, last month, I was at a job interview and I ended up talking about Demonslayer is one of the interviewers and it led to a useful conversation about interests, being able to bond with young people and so on. I didn’t get the job but it wasn’t because of my niche interest in anime and manga. A few years ago, you would never ever dream of talking about such a nerdy topic in an interview.

This cultural shift is one of the reasons why there’s been an increase in research interest into how people who enjoy anime and manga perceive themselves and their state of their health as well as their subjective wellbeing. Since some of the discriminatory or more judgemental Japanese terms used to describe someone who has a strong passion for manga and anime tends to refer to someone as socially isolated. A previous study found that non-fans of anime and manga typically saw someone who enjoyed anime and manga as creative, socially awkward, introverted and these people often find solace and refuge in their enjoyment of anime and manga as shown in Ryesen et al. (2016).

Why Should Psychologists Care about Interest In Anime and Manga?

Before we continue, there are two reasons why this is already of interest to aspiring and qualified psychologists. Firstly, if it’s true that people who are interested in anime and manga are at risk of becoming socially isolated and detached from reality because they find solace and refuge in their anime and manga. Then this raises a few questions for us. Why does the client feel the need to find a refuge, and if these are children, then we can question what is it about the school or home environment that makes the child feel the need to have a refuge. Also, whilst we should never deter someone from enjoying manga and anime because it is innocent and harmless, is there a need to create some form of social intervention to make the student feel more connected to their peers to make them less socially awkward?

Those are just some thoughts.

Secondly, if it is true again that interest in anime and manga is associated with social isolation, then seeing or hearing a child being interested in this topic might be a way to subtly refer them to some kind of support. Yet honestly, I am not sold on this idea because I’ve worked with SEN kids before who are passionate and obsessed with anime, some of them are socially awkward and socially isolated, others seriously are not. Then I have spoken with a lot of adults who are interested in anime and manga and again, they are not socially isolated and they are able to function fine in their everyday life. Therefore, I am not sure this relationship is cut and dry at the moment.

Let’s continue.

How Do People Treat Others Who Enjoy Manga and Anime?

Another reason why this is interesting for psychologists is because there’s a range of factors, like the perceived introversion of people who enjoy anime and manga, that actually makes people want to distance themselves from individuals who enjoy anime and manga. Another factor is because non-fans perceive anime and manga as detached from reality, socially awkward and these factors influence prejudice towards people who enjoy anime and manga.

This is important for psychologists to understand because it can lead to people making fun of others who enjoy anime and manga, and it can lead to maladaptive coping mechanisms to handle the stigma like concealing parts of their identity (Reysen et al. 2021). This was actually shown rather well in episode 2 of Go For it Nakamura, because in a part of this episode he was fighting hard to keep it a secret that he read boy love mangas because he didn’t want his classmates to know he was gay. Yet you could tell that in a lighhearted way this was taking a toll on him and it meant everything to him when his love interest Hirose (who he assumes is straight) tells him that he doesn’t need to hide it because different strokes for different people.

Furthermore, research from Reysen et al. (2021) found that anime fans have some experience with bullying in the past and as they age, the bullying increased. Yet research also shows that increased interactions with other fans increases subjective wellbeing. So this highlights how someone might be being bullied because of their membership to a certain social group, but the membership of the social group can be a protective factor for their mental health.

On the whole, researchers generally agree that whilst it’s understandable that there would be negative associations with enjoying anime and manga, there are also a lot of positive benefits of liking these forms of Japanese entertainment. Since as the anime and manga niches continue to grow around the world and their communities get larger, this will have a lot of social benefits. Even though, these larger communities do not automatically lead to the development and maintenance of relationships because cultural preferences in anime and manga foster connections with like-minded individuals according to the principle of homophily (McPherson et al. 2001).

As a small side note, the idea of cultural preferences is very interesting because whilst I love the anime Go For It Nakamura, there are 2 questionable scenes in the original manga that left Western anime and manga fans to bully the author so badly that she had to quit social media. It’s been argued online that in Japanese cultures these scenes were fine because it’s culturally okay and there’s an understanding that these animes and mangas are just fiction and not real life, and online critics of the digital pile-on have argued that Western anime and manga fans just need to understand the difference between fiction and reality. Therefore, this is a useful reminder how just because one scene is okay in one culture, it doesn’t make it okay in another culture.

What’s The Relationship Between Anime, Manga and Mental Health?

The main aim of Hajek and Konig (2024)’s study was to investigate the relationship between someone’s interest in anime and manga and the association it had with their mental health, their subjective wellbeing, their joy and their social disconnectedness. The study found that having higher interest in anime and manga was associated with negative mental health as well as social disconnectedness. Although, a higher interest in manga and anime was also associated with increased joy and there are interesting differences between these findings depending on the independent variable that the study used.

In addition, the association between having an increased interest in anime and manga and negative mental health outcomes, like increased loneliness as well as perceived social isolation, isn’t casual and it can be explained by a range of factors. For example, a person’s excessive immersion in anime or manga culture could contribute to social withdrawal or social isolation, and this is even more true if a person focuses on virtual relationships compared to real-life social connections (Williams et al. 2011). Therefore, it could be argued that because a person has prolonged engagement with fictional narratives then this might decrease their development of meaningful interpersonal relationships with others that do not like anime or manga, and this might contribute to feelings of isolation or loneliness.

Another possible explanation for the negative mental health outcomes associated with manga and anime interest is the potential stigma for liking such a niche interest. This stigma might contribute to further marginalisation and increase the person’s feelings of not belonging to society (Reysen et al. 2016). As well as I will note that anime communities are very well known for being extremely toxic places and there can be immense elitism in fan groups (Plante et al. 2020) so this can be a problem for mental health as this elitism can contribute to feelings of exclusion even within the anime community.

Moreover, there are certain themes in anime and manga that can represent or nihilistic content (Olivier 2007), like my former best friend was telling me about the manga “Suicide Boy” a few years ago and this entire manga is dedicated to a teenage boy determined to end his own life. Therefore, this content might exacerbate depressive symptoms or trigger anxiety symptoms (Forsythe and Mongrain 2023) in vulnerable people.

I do want to take a moment here to mention that so far in this section, we are not exactly learning many good things about anime and manga. Yet later on in the episode, we will talk about the positives of manga and anime, and personally, I think this really comes back to you need to live your life with balance, purpose and variety. For example, as I talk about in my books, especially Social Psychology and Your Unshakable Self, if you want a resilient sense of self that will help you to protect your mental health then it’s a good idea to get your self-esteem and positive self-image from a range of internal and external sources. Internal sources are always going to be best but still. My point is that if your entire identity is wrapped up in anime and manga then it will end up decreasing your mental health for reasons that I talk about in my other books.

This is why whilst I flat out love anime, especially Demonslayer and the boy love genre, I make sure that I get my sense of achievement, happiness and self-esteem from writing, running a business, podcasting, being with my friends and my family, doing good in my local community and so on. There is so much more to my identity than anime and manga.

Anyway, moving on to the more positive aspects of the study’s results were that a greater interest in anime and manga was associated with a lower preference for solitude and this is interesting because people interested in anime and manga tend to be introverted. The explanation for these findings are that the anime and manga community provide people with opportunities for social interactions and socialise through online forums and conventions. As well as anime fans who cosplay have higher levels of extraversion than non-cosplayers (Reysen et al. 2018c). These social opportunities give people interested in anime and manga a chance to share their experiences and to develop long-lasting and meaningful relationships with others (Reysen et al., 2024). Hence, this means people can find fulfilment and satisfaction in the anime and manga communities so they don’t desire solitude and the benefits of these communities can be used to explain why interest in manga was associated with lower objective social isolation.

Building upon this, having a strong interest in anime and manga and having increased subjective wellbeing and joy outcomes can also be explained by a range of factors. For instance, if you engage in the fictional narratives of mangas and animes then it can provide individuals with some escapism and this can help them cope with the stressors of daily life, and over time, this could improve subjective well-being. As well as similar to what I mentioned earlier, a lot of the stories in anime and manga stress the important themes of resilience, friendship and personal growth (Born 2010; Cooper-Chen 2011).

As a result, these themes can inspire viewers and readers, especially if they strongly identify with their favourite character which anime and manga fans typically do (Reysen et al. 2022b), to tackle their own challenges with improved determination and optimism (Ramasubramanian and Kornfield 2012). For example, I really strongly identified with the side character Tokito in Demonslayer and at the time when I was watching Season 4 (the season that he is a main feature in) I was dealing with my anorexia and my insecure attachment and his story, his feelings and his own trauma really did inspire me in ways that I never thought were possible. Tokito led me to research new ideas, write new books and it was brilliant how the character inspired me to deal with my difficulties in new ways.

In fact, my book Your Unshakable Self only happened because of a quote that Tokito says in the English subtitles of the anime.

In addition, one of the most powerful benefits of anime and manga is that the community gives people with a higher interest in this form of entertainment a sense of belonging as well as acceptance (Reysen et al., 2024). Since anime and manga communities are vast and there are entire online forums, websites and pockets of social media that are dedicated to fans sharing their experiences and interests without fearing judgment from others (Krishnamurti et al., 2023). This can lead to higher interest in anime and manga improving mental health and joy scores because it is the mutual understanding as well as camaraderie that makes people feel good and less alone.

Personally, because I love Tokito as a character so much, I follow a few Tokito-focused twitter accounts and sometimes I’m flicking through the posts and I go “oh, you would never ever be able to get away with saying that in person”, but these anime and manga communities provide a safe, accepting and non-judgemental space.

A final positive outcome associated with higher interest in anime and manga was how a higher interest in anime was associated with higher levels of subjective wellbeing but there was no such significant association for higher level in manga. As someone who is starting to watch a lot of anime, I find this really interesting because I love anime and manga. When I read the last five volumes of the Demonslayer manga, I was really hooked, interested and it was flat out amazing and I got the same feelings when I watched the Demonslayer Infinity Castle film, so these are interesting results.

The researchers proposed that one possible reason for these findings could be that an interest in reading manga might reflect a more solitary activity compared to watching anime. Since watching anime can be done with friends or in social communities, like some cinemas host anime events. Another explanation might be that streaming services have made it easier for individuals to consume anime alone, but we also know that streaming services could also be used to share anime for friends.

I definitely agree with that idea because to be honest, it’s only been in the last two weeks that I’ve really been watching anime alone. When I used to live in Canterbury, I watched anime with my friends and my ex-partner, and me and my ex-boyfriend watched anime together when I was back here living in Medway. Watching anime really can be done as a social activity.

These results are further reinforced by the findings of Reysen et al. (2018b) because the researchers found that cosplayers reported higher levels of wellbeing compared to non-cosplayers. This might suggest that for anime and manga to have a benefit for mental health that it’s important that the person is fully immersed within their hobby, but we also know from earlier results that that is unlikely to be true.

Reysen et al. (2024) is another study that supports these results because their study highlights how fandom, the social component of fan identity, predicts psychological wellbeing. In other words, the study found that fan friendships mediate the association between psychological wellbeing and fandom identification. As a result, Hajek and Konig (2024) assumed that the social aspect of real life interactions that are associated with high interest in anime and the media consumption associated with it might lead to higher levels of subjective well-being.

For me, where my mind goes in terms of applying this information for aspiring and qualified psychologists is two-fold. Firstly, as an aspiring or qualified educational psychologist, it’s important that we encourage schools to allow students to follow their passions and give them spaces to really connect. We know from research that especially after the COVID lockdowns that children are struggling with communication and social skills in general, and even more so in schools and colleges. This means that we need to come up with interventions, new ideas and new ways to provide students with rewarding social interactions where they can connect and form communities with their peers. If you’re working in a school and you learn that some students have an interest in anime and manga, then suggest that the school, the librarian or someone provides the students with a space to come together, connect and form those social relationships to improve their mental health.

Secondly, if you’re an aspiring or qualified clinical psychologist then it might be an idea to suggest that your client joins an anime or manga community. If you learn that your client has an interest in this form of entertainment, then you could share with them ways to connect with others online. Of course, the main aim of therapy or counselling will always be to address the developmental and maintaining factors of the condition and help them develop in-person, real-life relationships, but online connections might be a good bridging idea for a little while. It allows the client to develop their social skills, talk to like-minded individuals and it can improve their mental health whilst you work on other things.

Just a thought.

What are the Strengths and Limitations of Hajek and Konig (2024)?

Additionally, just as a little critical thinking section, it was good that the study used established and validated tools to quantify the outcome measures, so this increased the credibility of the study. Also, I really like how the study used a large sample size to give them a lot of data points to support their conclusions with and their quota-based online sample was representative in terms of age, sex and federal state in Germany. Yet there are some issues with the study. For instance, the study might not have been completely representative because the study was only available in the German language and because the study used a cross-sectional design, they cannot establish directionality. Such as, they cannot tell if it is a change in loneliness and social disconnection that causes an increased interest in anime and manga, or if an increased interest in manga causes social disconnection.

There were some other issues with the study mentioned in the research paper, but I want to mention another issue that the researchers did not. In the anime community, Germany is a bit of a strange case because when it comes to German voiceovers according to an ex of mine, there are basically only four voice actors who do the anime dubs in German. This means that the same four people basically appear in every single anime in Germany, and we also have to bear in mind that the German language, which is very similar to a lot of languages, is still different to languages like English. Therefore, I suppose the point that I am trying to make here is that because this study was only done in one language, in one country on one continent, I would be very interested to see how these results replicate or change in other cultures. As well as I understand that anime and manga are very big in the United States because after its original cinema run, Demonslayer Infinity Castle did a second cinema run in the USA and this was hailed as a massive success.

Overall, I just think it would be interesting to see how these results be replicated if done in other cultures that have stronger or weaker national interest in anime and manga.

Clinical Psychology Conclusion

As someone with a high level of interest in anime and manga, especially Demonslayer, Deathnote and Go For It Nakamura, this episode was so much fun to put together. Since I have heard a lot of prejudice and dislike aimed towards people and students who like anime and manga, so it was fun to look at the truth behind how high levels of interest in these forms of Japanese media can impact mental health.

As a result, in this episode, we looked at the relationship between having an interest in anime and manga and how it impacted social disconnectedness, mental health, joy and subjective wellbeing scores. We learnt that having a higher interest in anime and manga was associated with negative outcomes, like decreased mental health and increased social disconnection, but there were positive outcomes too. For example, higher interest in anime and manga was associated with improved wellbeing and feelings of joy.  

I feel like this entire episode highlights the importance of looking at behaviour and mental health in a very nuanced way, because it’s clear that anime and manga does harm mental health in some people but in others, it improves it. Why?

This reminds me of my book, Social Media Psychology, because social media isn’t good or bad for mental health. It’s all about how you use it because people who engage in active social media use like commenting, sharing and engaging with posts, these people tend to report better mental health outcomes. Yet people who engage in passive social media use so they aren’t liking, they aren’t commenting and they’re only scrolling on social media, they report negative mental health outcomes.

I have a feeling that interest in anime and manga might be something similar.

Nonetheless, now that we have this research, we can expand on it. The main problem that the relationship between mental health and anime and manga have at the moment is there is just next to no research on it. This means that further studies, that must include cross-cultural comparisons, must be done.  Also, future research can look at different constructs within the anime and manga communities, like how the construct of fandom “I love the manga community” differs from fanship “I love manga” in relation to impact on mental health, and the researchers Hajek and Konig floated other ideas for future studies too.

Now if you excuse me, I have some anime to watch myself.

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Clinical Psychology References and Further Reading

Hajek, A., & König, H. H. (2024). Interest in anime and manga: relationship with (mental) health, social disconnectedness, social joy and subjective well-being. Journal of Public Health, 1-11.

Ramasubramanian, S., & Kornfield, S. (2012). Japanese anime heroines as role models for US youth: Wishful identification, parasocial interaction, and intercultural entertainment effects. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5(3), 189-207.

Reysen, S., Baring, R., Plante, C., Sarmiento, P. J., Samia, C., Bonus, B., & Lumanlan, P. (2022). A brief report on sex differences in identification and engagement with anime. Phoenix Papers, 5, 36-46.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Chadborn, D., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2021). Transported to another world: The psychology of anime fans. Stephen Reysen.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Chadborn, D., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2022). Intragroup helping as a mediator of the association between fandom identification and self-esteem and well-being. Leisure/loisir, 46(3), 321-345.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Chadborn, D., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2021). Transported to another world: The psychology of anime fans. Stephen Reysen.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Chadborn, D., Roberts, S. E., Gerbasi, K. C., Miller, J. I., & Ray, A. (2018). A brief report on the prevalence of self-reported mood disorders, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder in anime, brony, and furry fandoms. Phoenix Papers, 3, 64-75.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2018). A brief report on differences in big five personality dimensions between anime fan cosplayers and non-cosplayers. Phoenix Papers, 3, 46-53.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2024). Social activities mediate the relation between fandom identification and psychological well-being. Leisure Sciences, 46(5), 681-701.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2024). Social activities mediate the relation between fandom identification and psychological well-being. Leisure Sciences, 46(5), 681-701.

Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., Gerbasi, K. C., Mohebpour, I., & Gamboa, A. (2016). Pale and geeky: Prevailing stereotypes of anime fans. The Phoenix Papers, 2(1), 78-103.

Reysen, S., Plante, C., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2022). Empirically testing the veracity of otaku stereotypes. Phoenix Papers, 5(1), 210-233.

Reysen, S., Plante, C., Roberts, S., & Gerbasi, K. (2018). " Coming Out" as an Anime Fan: cosplayers in the anime fandom, fan disclosure, and well-being.

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